Python 100天-從新手到大師學習筆記Day10：圖形介面與遊戲開發

Yanwei Liu

·

Follow

17 min read

·

May 28, 2019

--

Share

流程

1.导入tkinter模块中我们需要的东西。2.创建一个顶层窗口对象并用它来承载整个GUI应用。3.在顶层窗口对象上添加GUI组件。4.通过代码将这些GUI组件的功能组织起来。5.进入主事件循环(main loop)。

tkinter範例

import tkinter
import tkinter.messagebox


def main():
    flag = True

    # 修改标签上的文字
    def change_label_text():
        nonlocal flag
        flag = not flag
        color, msg = ('red', 'Hello, world!')\
            if flag else ('blue', 'Goodbye, world!')
        label.config(text=msg, fg=color)

    # 确认退出
    def confirm_to_quit():
        if tkinter.messagebox.askokcancel('温馨提示', '确定要退出吗?'):
            top.quit()

    # 创建顶层窗口
    top = tkinter.Tk()
    # 设置窗口大小
    top.geometry('240x160')
    # 设置窗口标题
    top.title('小游戏')
    # 创建标签对象并添加到顶层窗口
    label = tkinter.Label(top, text='Hello, world!', font='Arial -32', fg='red')
    label.pack(expand=1)
    # 创建一个装按钮的容器
    panel = tkinter.Frame(top)
    # 创建按钮对象 指定添加到哪个容器中 通过command参数绑定事件回调函数
    button1 = tkinter.Button(panel, text='修改', command=change_label_text)
    button1.pack(side='left')
    button2 = tkinter.Button(panel, text='退出', command=confirm_to_quit)
    button2.pack(side='right')
    panel.pack(side='bottom')
    # 开启主事件循环
    tkinter.mainloop()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

tkinter動畫

"""
使用tkinter创建GUI
- 在窗口上制作动画
Version: 0.1
Author: 骆昊
Date: 2018-03-14
"""import tkinter
import time# 播放动画效果的函数
def play_animation():
    canvas.move(oval, 2, 2)
    canvas.update()
    top.after(50, play_animation)x = 10
y = 10
top = tkinter.Tk()
top.geometry('600x600')
top.title('动画效果')
top.resizable(False, False)
top.wm_attributes('-topmost', 1)
canvas = tkinter.Canvas(top, width=600, height=600, bd=0, highlightthickness=0)
canvas.create_rectangle(0, 0, 600, 600, fill='gray')
oval = canvas.create_oval(10, 10, 60, 60, fill='red')
canvas.pack()
top.update()
play_animation()
tkinter.mainloop()# 请思考如何让小球碰到屏幕的边界就弹回
# 请思考如何用面向对象的编程思想对上面的代码进行封装

pygame範例

import pygame


def main():
    # 初始化导入的pygame中的模块
    pygame.init()
    # 初始化用于显示的窗口并设置窗口尺寸
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600))
    # 设置当前窗口的标题
    pygame.display.set_caption('大球吃小球')
    running = True
    # 开启一个事件循环处理发生的事件
    while running:
        # 从消息队列中获取事件并对事件进行处理
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                running = False


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

pygame繪圖

import pygame


def main():
    # 初始化导入的pygame中的模块
    pygame.init()
    # 初始化用于显示的窗口并设置窗口尺寸
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600))
    # 设置当前窗口的标题
    pygame.display.set_caption('大球吃小球')
    # 设置窗口的背景色(颜色是由红绿蓝三原色构成的元组)
    screen.fill((242, 242, 242))
    # 绘制一个圆(参数分别是: 屏幕, 颜色, 圆心位置, 半径, 0表示填充圆)
    pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255, 0, 0,), (100, 100), 30, 0)
    # 刷新当前窗口(渲染窗口将绘制的图像呈现出来)
    pygame.display.flip()
    running = True
    # 开启一个事件循环处理发生的事件
    while running:
        # 从消息队列中获取事件并对事件进行处理
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                running = False


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

載入圖片

import pygame


def main():
    # 初始化导入的pygame中的模块
    pygame.init()
    # 初始化用于显示的窗口并设置窗口尺寸
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600))
    # 设置当前窗口的标题
    pygame.display.set_caption('大球吃小球')
    # 设置窗口的背景色(颜色是由红绿蓝三原色构成的元组)
    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
    # 通过指定的文件名加载图像
    ball_image = pygame.image.load('./res/ball.png')
    # 在窗口上渲染图像
    screen.blit(ball_image, (50, 50))
    # 刷新当前窗口(渲染窗口将绘制的图像呈现出来)
    pygame.display.flip()
    running = True
    # 开启一个事件循环处理发生的事件
    while running:
        # 从消息队列中获取事件并对事件进行处理
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                running = False


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

貪吃蛇

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
from enum import Enum, unique
from random import randrange
from threading import Threadimport pygameclass Color(object):
    """颜色"""GRAY = (242, 242, 242)
    BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
    GREEN = (0, 255, 0)
    PINK = (255, 20, 147)@unique
class Direction(Enum):
    """方向"""UP = 0
    RIGHT = 1
    DOWN = 2
    LEFT = 3class GameObject(object, metaclass=ABCMeta):
    """游戏中的对象"""def __init__(self, x=0, y=0, color=Color.BLACK):
        """
        初始化方法
        :param x: 横坐标
        :param y: 纵坐标
        :param color: 颜色
        """
        self._x = x
        self._y = y
        self._color = color@property
    def x(self):
        return self._x@property
    def y(self):
        return self._y@abstractmethod
    def draw(self, screen):
        """
        绘制
        :param screen: 屏幕
        """
        passclass Wall(GameObject):
    """围墙"""def __init__(self, x, y, width, height, color=Color.BLACK):
        """
        初始化方法
        :param x: 横坐标
        :param y: 纵坐标
        :param width: 宽度
        :param height: 高度
        :param color: 颜色
        """
        super().__init__(x, y, color)
        self._width = width
        self._height = height@property
    def width(self):
        return self._width@property
    def height(self):
        return self._heightdef draw(self, screen):
        pygame.draw.rect(screen, self._color,
                         (self._x, self._y, self._width, self._height), 4)class Food(GameObject):
    """食物"""def __init__(self, x, y, size, color=Color.PINK):
        """
        初始化方法
        :param x: 横坐标
        :param y: 纵坐标
        :param size: 大小
        :param color: 颜色
        """
        super().__init__(x, y, color)
        self._size = size
        self._hidden = Falsedef draw(self, screen):
        if not self._hidden:
            pygame.draw.circle(screen, self._color,
                               (self._x + self._size // 2, self._y + self._size // 2),
                               self._size // 2, 0)
        self._hidden = not self._hiddenclass SnakeNode(GameObject):
    """蛇身上的节点"""def __init__(self, x, y, size, color=Color.GREEN):
        """
        初始化方法
        :param x: 横坐标
        :param y: 纵坐标
        :param size: 大小
        :param color: 颜色
        """
        super().__init__(x, y, color)
        self._size = size@property
    def size(self):
        return self._sizedef draw(self, screen):
        pygame.draw.rect(screen, self._color,
                         (self._x, self._y, self._size, self._size), 0)
        pygame.draw.rect(screen, Color.BLACK,
                         (self._x, self._y, self._size, self._size), 1)class Snake(GameObject):
    """蛇"""def __init__(self, x, y, size=20, length=5):
        """
        初始化方法
        :param x: 横坐标
        :param y: 纵坐标
        :param size: 大小
        :param length: 初始长度
        """
        super().__init__()
        self._dir = Direction.LEFT
        self._nodes = []
        self._alive = True
        self._new_dir = None
        for index in range(length):
            node = SnakeNode(x + index * size, y, size)
            self._nodes.append(node)@property
    def dir(self):
        return self._dir@property
    def alive(self):
        return self._alive@property
    def head(self):
        return self._nodes[0]def change_dir(self, new_dir):
        """
        改变方向
        :param new_dir: 新方向
        """
        if new_dir != self._dir and \
                (self._dir.value + new_dir.value) % 2 != 0:
            self._new_dir = new_dirdef move(self):
        """移动"""
        if self._new_dir:
            self._dir, self._new_dir = self._new_dir, None
        snake_dir = self._dir
        x, y, size = self.head.x, self.head.y, self.head.size
        if snake_dir == Direction.UP:
            y -= size
        elif snake_dir == Direction.RIGHT:
            x += size
        elif snake_dir == Direction.DOWN:
            y += size
        else:
            x -= size
        new_head = SnakeNode(x, y, size)
        self._nodes.insert(0, new_head)
        self._nodes.pop()def collide(self, wall):
        """
        撞墙
        :param wall: 围墙
        """
        head = self.head
        if head.x < wall.x or head.x + head.size > wall.x + wall.width \
                or head.y < wall.y or head.y + head.size > wall.y + wall.height:
            self._alive = Falsedef eat_food(self, food):
        """
        吃食物
        :param food: 食物
        :return: 吃到食物返回True否则返回False
        """
        if self.head.x == food.x and self.head.y == food.y:
            tail = self._nodes[-1]
            self._nodes.append(tail)
            return True
        return Falsedef eat_self(self):
        """咬自己"""
        for index in range(4, len(self._nodes)):
            node = self._nodes[index]
            if node.x == self.head.x and node.y == self.head.y:
                self._alive = Falsedef draw(self, screen):
        for node in self._nodes:
            node.draw(screen)def main():def refresh():
        """刷新游戏窗口"""
        screen.fill(Color.GRAY)
        wall.draw(screen)
        food.draw(screen)
        snake.draw(screen)
        pygame.display.flip()def handle_key_event(key_event):
        """处理按键事件"""
        key = key_event.key
        if key == pygame.K_F2:
            reset_game()
        elif key in (pygame.K_a, pygame.K_w, pygame.K_d, pygame.K_s):
            if snake.alive:
                if key == pygame.K_w:
                    new_dir = Direction.UP
                elif key == pygame.K_d:
                    new_dir = Direction.RIGHT
                elif key == pygame.K_s:
                    new_dir = Direction.DOWN
                else:
                    new_dir = Direction.LEFT
                snake.change_dir(new_dir)def create_food():
        """创建食物"""
        unit_size = snake.head.size
        max_row = wall.height // unit_size
        max_col = wall.width // unit_size
        row = randrange(0, max_row)
        col = randrange(0, max_col)
        return Food(wall.x + unit_size * col, wall.y + unit_size * row, unit_size)def reset_game():
        """重置游戏"""
        nonlocal food, snake
        food = create_food()
        snake = Snake(250, 290)def background_task():
        nonlocal running, food
        while running:
            if snake.alive:
                refresh()
            clock.tick(10)
            if snake.alive:
                snake.move()
                snake.collide(wall)
                if snake.eat_food(food):
                    food = create_food()
                snake.eat_self()"""
    class BackgroundTask(Thread):
        def run(self):
            nonlocal running, food
            while running:
                if snake.alive:
                    refresh()
                clock.tick(10)
                if snake.alive:
                    snake.move()
                    snake.collide(wall)
                    if snake.eat_food(food):
                        food = create_food()
                    snake.eat_self()
    """wall = Wall(10, 10, 600, 600)
    snake = Snake(250, 290)
    food = create_food()
    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((620, 620))
    pygame.display.set_caption('贪吃蛇')
    # 创建控制游戏每秒帧数的时钟
    clock = pygame.time.Clock()
    running = True
    # 启动后台线程负责刷新窗口和让蛇移动
    # BackgroundTask().start()
    Thread(target=background_task).start()
    # 处理事件的消息循环
    while running:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                running = False
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
                handle_key_event(event)
    pygame.quit()if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()